Bring needle out at top of stitch line. Hold the thread down with your left thumb while the needle is twisted first under and over the thread. Insert needle into the fabric at B and still holding the thread down, bring it up at C and pull through.
Rows of this stitch can be interlaced by a contrasting thread as shown, making interlaced cable chain stitch.

After the temporary stitches have been worked, this basic smocking stitch is used on the back of the work where extra hold is needed. Pick up a pleat with the thread above the needle, then pick up the next pleat with the thread below the needle.

This is worked in a combination of stem stitch and knots.

The threads can be grouped in pairs ( double canvas or Penelope) and can also have a different coloured thread at intervals. The fine canvas can be used with cotton threads for detailed work and the wider meshes with wools for rugs.

Working from the right start with a small stitch across one intersection insert and bring needle out one thread to the left of starting point. Make second stitch across two intersections to form big stitch. Make a further big stitch and then start with a small stitch again.
Work second row alongside as shown.
Also known as continuous cashmere stitch.

Using a blunt (tapestry) needle come out at A and insert at B to form the base line the width of the shape to be embroidered. If this is wide hold down with small stitches. This stitch is always worked from left to right. Bring the needle out at C and slip under the base stitch from D to E, going over the thread where it comes out at C. Do not enter the fabric.
Make another stitch exactly the same and continue until the end of the line. Then come up at G immediately below C and slip the needle behind the first loop of the previous row, horizontally under two threads as shown and continue to the end of the row.
When all the required rows have been worked fix the loops of the last row down with small stitches.

As a free embroidery stitch formed by loops of thread being drawn through one another to make a chain. There are many variations on this stitch.
Bring needle out at top of stitch line. Holding thread down below stitch, insert needle again at top of stitch and bring it out again on stitch line above thread. Repeat along stitch line.

As a counted thread stitch, work in vertical rows from top left. Bring needle out and holding thread down with left thumb, insert needle into same space and bring it out again two threads down. Draw through the loop already made and insert needle in to same loop as shown. Chain stitch as a filling stitch leaves two threads between each row.

Variations on chain stitch include cable, chequered or magic, detached or daisy, interlaced cable, detached twisted, whipped, backstitched, double, heavy, open, rosette, russian, crested, twisted and zigzag cable and braid stitch.

Start at top, working down between two parallel lines. Bring thread through at left and make a chain stitch slanting towards the centre. Tie this down with a stitch about the same length as the chain, also slanting inwards. Bring needle out again at right side, just below the bottom of chain stitch, and make another chain stitch slanting towards centre. Tie this down in the same way as previous stitch. Continue in this way.

It consists of very fine wire closely coiled into a tiny spring like length.

The best way to work the squares is in diagonal rows starting at the upper left hand corner.
Chequer stitch is used for filling large areas to give a fabric effect although it is effective in small areas

Thread the needle with two colours. Come out at A and insert needle at B holding one loop under the needle with the thumb. That colour will make a chain, next time hold down other colour to alternate colours.
Also known as magic chain stitch.

It consists of regular blocks of satin stitch worked vertically and horizontally as shown in diagram. Each satin stitch is worked over three threads of fabric and pulled tightly and each block is composed of three rows of ten stitches.
A fine thread works best for this stitch.

Lay parallel lines, approximately one quarter of an inch apart, always coming back up at the same side to give short stitches on the reverse.
With the first colour come up below line 1, pass over line two and insert needle just beyond line 3. Make four stitches together and then come up below line 2 and insert just below line 4. Make four stitches like this, and another 4 stitches one bar below, and then return making four stitches each time.
Then repeat with second colour below first and third colour below that.
When the edge is reached shorter stitches are used to finish.

Work from right to left Bring needle up on lower line, insert a little to right and bring up again halfway between these two points. Insert needle on top line a little to right and bring out just to the left on the top line. Insert again on top line to right and bring out at centre of stitch on top line.
Work in this way alternately on top and bottom line.

This lacy stitch is worked by crossing two straight vertical stitches over four threads with a vertical stitch over five threads and interlocking as shown in the diagram. This makes a useful border stitch in samplers.

Work from top to bottom. Bring needle out at left side, hold thread down with left thumb and insert needle at right side a little above the starting point. Bringing needle out on right side, a little below the starting point and with thread below needle. then hold thread down again, insert needle at left side immediately below starting point and bring it out on the left side, the stitch being the same length as before, with thread below needle. Repeat
Also known as double chain stitch.

In the free embroidery version, When double backstitch is worked closed herringbone appears on the wrong side or vice versa. Work small backstitches alternately along bottom stitch line and top stitch line.

A counted thread stitch when used in drawn fabric work, it is best worked on the wrong side and when pulled tightly a raised effect is made. In the counted thread version, work first from top to bottom making a diagonal stitches downwards over four intersections, insert needle and bring out two horizontal threads below starting point. Continue like this to bottom, then work second row upwards with diagonals in opposite direction.
When complete work a line of backstitch over two threads down the middle. Also known as herringbone filling stitch.

Work a series of straight stitches over the area to be covered, spacing them evenly chequer board fashion as shown. Using a blunt (tapestry) needle and contrasting thread and working from right to left, come up at A and work the first row sliding through the stitches in the order A, B, C, D and so on always keeping the needle facing to the left.
When that row is finished, the second row is started at E going through B , F etc. and so on until the area is covered.

Work horizontal rows first. Start at bottom right corner and make a stitch vertically over four threads. Bring needle out again four threads to the left of starting point. Make another vertical stitch over four threads then bring needle out two threads to left of bottom line. Continue in this way working vertical stitches alternately after four threads and two threads to the end of row. Leave two threads before starting second row which is worked in exactly the same way as the first but left to right.
Continue until all horizontal rows are worked then turn fabric round at right angles to work vertical rows in exactly the same way.

Coil filling stitch is formed by groups of satin stitches worked in horizontal rows. Work three stitches as shown in the same place. Move to next group four fabric threads to the left and repeat. Work second row from left to right as shown with the top of the stitch at the same as the bottom of the row above but half way between the stitches.

Similar to a french knot but makes a bolder stitch and is used extensively in candlewicking.

To make dramatic statements colours are taken from the opposite side of the wheel. For a three colour design colours can be chosen at 120° to each other. For more muted designs colours can be taken from the same segment of the circle.

Work in diagonal rows from top right to bottom left of the area to be worked. Work a horizontal and vertical stitch each over three fabric threads sharing a hole. Then work two diagonal stitches at the bottom right each over two intersections. The stitches interlock as shown to form a tight filling stitch.

Work left to right bringing thread out at top of first stitch, insert needle diagonally down over crossed threads to bottom of stitch, then bring out to the right of the first stitch. Continue in this way to the end of row. The second row is worked from right to left inserting the needle at top of stitch. Continue working rows backwards and forwards until the area is filled making sure all the stitches slope in the same direction.
However, if working large blocks this method also known as just tent stitch has a tendency to distort the canvas and the alternative stitching method of basketweave or diagonal tent stitch is more effective.

Working from the right start with a small stitch across one intersection insert and bring needle out one thread to the left of starting point. Make second stitch across two intersections to form big stitch. Make a further big stitch and then start with a small stitch again.
Work second row alongside as shown.
Also known as cashmere stitch.

Work from left to right. Bring needle out on stitch line, lay it along line and hold down with your left thumb. Take a small stitch under the line from top to bottom as shown in the diagram and pull through with needle over the lower thread.

The cording thread should be quite thick and well twisted. Place the cording thread along the line to be worked and then with the top thread work vertical oversewing stitches over it so that it is completely covered.
It can be worked from left to right or right to left if preferred.

In hardanger or drawn thread work overcasting over loose threads is also called cording.

It comes in several thicknesses and is generally used to produce a slightly raised effect.

An open weave fabric is needed for the base material and it must be stretched tightly over a frame. A strong waxed silk or cotton thread must be used for couching the pairs of gold threads.
Bring the needle out at A go over the gold thread and back in to the fabric at the same point A. The thread is pulled tightly so that the gold thread sinks into the fabric. Cut and plunge the gold threads at the end of each line, do not turn them.
The pattern of the couching can be varied to give different effects. This must be used with finer gold threads, not japanese gold.

Lay the thread to be couched along the design line. Bring the needle with couching thread through just beneath the design line and insert it just above, over the thread to be couched.
Repeat at intervals but not so close that the couching thread spoils the effect of the thread being couched.
Variations on couching include bokhara and roumanian.

Couching can also be worked over evenweave fabric or canvas when the thread or ribbon to be couched is too bulky to pass easily through the fabric. The thinner couching thread is worked at regular intervals using the threads of the fabric.

Bring the needle out at A just outside the cord but very close to it and go in at B right in the middle of a cord, pull tightly so that the stitch disappears.
The stitches can be spaced every two or three twists of the cord.

With a pencil draw lightly regularly spaced lines radiating out from the centre to use as a guide when couching. Fold a length of gold in half and sew down loop end at the centre of the circle. Work round and round in ever increasing circles sewing down the two gold strands together and placing a couching stitch on each pencil line.
To end off smoothly, plunge one gold thread through the fabric, slightly ahead of the other.

Start at the edge of the shape working in ever decreasing shapes to the centre, placing the couching threads at mid intervals to the row before to give a brick effect.

Make a horizontal chain, bring the needle up at A, form a loop and return the needle through the same hole, and come out at B, inside the loop. Immediately above the chain, make a coral stitch. Insert the needle at C and out at D where C to D is about half the length of A to B. Take the thread over and then under the needle as shown, holding it with your left thumb as you pull through. Then slide the needle under the connecting thread between the chain and the coral stitches without entering the fabric and pull through gently.
Return to the base line to start the next chain stitch.

It can be placed in parallel rows or varied in length to fill a shape such as a leaf or petal. Work from left to right.
Bring needle through just above the centre of space being worked. With thread to the right, insert needle at the bottom of space and bring it up just below centre, with thread under needle. Still with thread to right, insert needle at top of space and bring it out just above centre with thread under needle. Continue in this way.

Especially characteristic of crewel work are trellis stitches, where long threads are laid down to fill an area usually at right angles and then each intersection is `tied down' with small stitches. A few examples are shown,

Stitches may be completed singly or worked in rows. Working from left to right make a stitch over the diagonal making up the second stroke of the cross on the return. The size of the stitch depends on the thread and fabric used. With Aida the cross is made over one intersection, on evenweave the cross is normally made over two intersections and in canvas work with wool it might be made over four intersections.
It is the main stitch of counted cross stitch designs.

Work small scale smyrna stitches over 2 threads leaving two threads between, alternating the gaps from row to row in a checkerboard pattern. Then with a contrasting thread work cross stitches over two threads in the spaces between the small smyrna stitches.

The symbols can be solid colour, black and white pattern or coloured pattern and a separate key is given.

An elongated cross stitch is worked as shown over 4 horizontal threads and 6 vertical threads. A straight vertical stitch and an underline horizontal stitch are then added. The second vertical row is then offset by three threads and interlocks.

Work from left to right. Bring needle out at point A, insert at the top of the stitch to the right at point B and bring out again at point C on bottom line half way between A and B, holding the thread under the needle. Now insert needle at D above C and bring out at E on bottom line underneath B, again holding the thread under the needle. Continue in this way.

First work a large cross stitch over four threads and then a small diagonal stitch over two threads across the tip of each corner in turn. Always work the large cross in the same order so that all the top stitches lie the same way.
This stitch can be worked in a single shade or in two colours when it would be best to have a needle for each.

Work as fly stitch but bring needle up in the centre again and make a straight stitch each side of the centre stitch the same length as the centre stitch

A group of seven diagonal stitches are worked in the same slanting direction to form a square over 1,2,3,4,3,2,1 threads. A variation on this, reversed cushion stitch, can be obtained by alternating the direction of each group of stitches as shown. Also a smaller cushion stitch and reversed cushion stitch can be worked with five diagonal stitches over 1,2,3,2,1 threads.

A variation uses a contrasting thread worked over each square in the opposite direction to the satin stitch squares

A second variation is worked as shown with two colours alternating..

Crossed corners cushion stitch is worked by overstitching one half of the square with stitches in the opposite direction.

Traditionally cut work was done on a fine closely woven linen in white or a neutral colour.